Adaptive UL-DL TDD configurations in a heterogneous network

ABSTRACT

Technology for a first eNodeB is disclosed. The first eNodeB can decode an uplink-downlink (UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe reconfiguration received from a second eNodeB. The UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration can be for the first eNodeB. The first eNodeB can encode the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration received from the second eNodeB for transmission to a plurality of user equipment (UEs).

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/823,818, filed Aug. 11, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/734,355, filed Jan. 4, 2013, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/624,185,filed Apr. 13, 2012, all of which are hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards andprotocols to transmit data between a node (e.g., a transmission stationor a transceiver node) and a wireless device (e.g., a mobile device).Some wireless devices communicate using orthogonal frequency-divisionmultiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink (DL) transmission and singlecarrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in an uplink (UL)transmission. Standards and protocols that use orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for signal transmission includethe third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution(LTE), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.16 standard (e.g., 802.16e, 802.16m), which is commonly known toindustry groups as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for MicrowaveAccess), and the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is commonly known toindustry groups as WiFi.

In 3GPP radio access network (RAN) LTE systems, the node can be acombination of Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network(E-UTRAN) Node Bs (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhancedNode Bs, eNodeBs, or eNBs) and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs), whichcommunicate with the wireless device, known as a user equipment (UE).The downlink (DL) transmission can be a communication from the node(e.g., eNodeB) to the wireless device (e.g., UE), and the uplink (UL)transmission can be a communication from the wireless device to thenode.

In homogeneous networks, the node, also called a macro node, can providebasic wireless coverage to wireless devices in a cell. The cell can bethe area in which the wireless devices are operable to communicate withthe macro node. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) can be used to handlethe increased traffic loads on the macro nodes due to increased usageand functionality of wireless devices. HetNets can include a layer ofplanned high power macro nodes (or macro-eNBs) overlaid with layers oflower power nodes (small-eNBs, micro-eNBs, pico-eNBs, femto-eNBs, orhome eNBs [HeNBs]) that can be deployed in a less well planned or evenentirely uncoordinated manner within the coverage area (cell) of a macronode. The lower power nodes (LPNs) can generally be referred to as “lowpower nodes”, small nodes, or small cells.

The macro node can be used for basic coverage. The low power nodes canbe used to fill coverage holes, to improve capacity in hot-zones or atthe boundaries between the macro nodes' coverage areas, and improveindoor coverage where building structures impede signal transmission.Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) or enhanced ICIC (eICIC) maybe used for resource coordination to reduce interference between thenodes, such as macro nodes and low power nodes in a HetNet.

Homogeneous networks or HetNets can use time-division duplexing (TDD) orfrequency-division duplexing (FDD) for DL or UL transmissions.Time-division duplexing (TDD) is an application of time-divisionmultiplexing (TDM) to separate downlink and uplink signals. In TDD,downlink signals and uplink signals may be carried on a same carrierfrequency where the downlink signals use a different time interval fromthe uplink signals, so the downlink signals and the uplink signals donot generate interference for each other. TDM is a type of digitalmultiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals, such as adownlink or uplink, are transferred apparently simultaneously assub-channels in one communication channel, but are physicallytransmitted on different resources. In frequency-division duplexing(FDD), an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission can operateusing different frequency carriers. In FDD, interference can be avoidedbecause the downlink signals use a different frequency carrier from theuplink signals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from thedetailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example,features of the disclosure; and, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of dynamic uplink-downlink (UL-DL)reconfiguration usage in a time-division duplexing (TDD) system inaccordance with an example;

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of flexible subframe (FlexSF) of anuplink-downlink (UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD) frame structure inaccordance with an example;

FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of flexible subframe (FlexSF) structure tosupport bidirectional UL-DL switching in accordance with an example;

FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of radio frame resources (e.g., a resourcegrid) for a downlink (DL) transmission in accordance with an example;

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of interference management (IM)clusters in accordance with an example;

FIG. 6A illustrates a block diagram of a homogenous network using anintra-site coordinated multipoint (CoMP) system (e.g., CoMP scenario 1)in accordance with an example;

FIG. 6B illustrates a block diagram of a homogenous network with hightransmission power using an inter-site coordinated multipoint (CoMP)system (e.g., CoMP scenario 2) in accordance with an example;

FIG. 6C illustrates a block diagram of a coordinated multipoint (CoMP)system in a heterogeneous network with low power nodes (e.g., CoMPscenario 3 or 4) in accordance with an example;

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an aggressor node transmitting adownlink signal, a wireless device transmitting an uplink signal, and avictim node in accordance with an example;

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of a downlink node transmitting adownlink signal, a wireless device transmitting an uplink signal, and anuplink node in a heterogeneous network (HetNet) in accordance with anexample;

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a baseband unit (BBU) and a remoteradio unit (RRU) configuration of a centralized radio access network(C-RAN) in accordance with an example;

FIG. 10 depicts a flow chart of a method for adapting uplink-downlink(UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe configurations in aheterogeneous network (HetNet) in accordance with an example;

FIG. 11 depicts a flow chart of a method for adapting uplink-downlink(UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe configurations in aheterogeneous network (HetNet) in accordance with an example;

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of a reference node, a neighboringnode, and wireless device in accordance with an example; and

FIG. 13 illustrates a diagram of a wireless device (e.g., UE) inaccordance with an example.

Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, andspecific language will be used herein to describe the same. It willnevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of theinvention is thereby intended.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the present invention is disclosed and described, it is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to the particularstructures, process steps, or materials disclosed herein, but isextended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by thoseordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understoodthat terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describingparticular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. The samereference numerals in different drawings represent the same element.Numbers provided in flow charts and processes are provided for clarityin illustrating steps and operations and do not necessarily indicate aparticular order or sequence.

Example Embodiments

An initial overview of technology embodiments is provided below and thenspecific technology embodiments are described in further detail later.This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding thetechnology more quickly but is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the technology nor is it intended to limit thescope of the claimed subject matter.

Heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments can offer efficient means toincrease cellular coverage and capacity compared to traditionalhomogeneous networks and may involve the co-existence of different radioaccess technologies (RAT), transmission-reception techniques, and basestation (BS) or node transmission powers amongst other possiblearchitectural combinations. The RAT can include the standard used, suchas LTE or IEEE 802.16, or the version of the standard, such as LTEversion 11, 3GPP LTE V11.0.0, IEEE 802.16n, or IEEE 802.16p. In anexample, the radio access technology (RAT) standard can include LTErelease 8, 9, 10, 11, or subsequent release. The transmission-receptiontechnique can include various transmission techniques, such as adownlink (DL) coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission, enhancedinter-cell interference coordination (eICIC), and combinations thereof.A node transmission power can refer to the power generated by a nodetype, such as a macro node (e.g., macro evolved Node B (eNB)) in a macrocell and multiple low power nodes (LPNs or small eNBs) in the respectivesmall cells, as illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates a layeredHetNet deployment with different node transmission powers usingtime-division duplexing (TDD). As used herein, a cell can refer to thenode or the coverage area of the node. A low power node (LPN) can referto a small node, which can include a small eNB, a micro eNB, a piconode, a pico eNB, a femto-eNB, a home eNB (HeNB), a remote radio head(RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), or a remote radio unit (RRU). Asused herein, the term “small node” may be used interchangeably with theterm “pico node” (or pico eNB), and the term “small cell” may be usedinterchangeably with the term “pico cell” in the examples to assist indistinguishing between the macro node and the LPN or the small node, andthe macro cell and the small cell. The macro node can be connected toeach LPN via backhaul link using X2 interface or optical fiberconnections.

The macro nodes can transmit at high power level, for example,approximately 5 watts (W) to 40 W, to cover the macro cell. The HetNetcan be overlaid with low power nodes (LPNs), which may transmit atsubstantially lower power levels, such as approximately 100 milliwatts(mW) to 2 W. In an example, an available transmission power of the macronode may be at least ten times an available transmission power of thelow power node. A LPN can be used in hot spots or hot-zones, referringto areas with a high wireless traffic load or high volume of activelytransmitting wireless devices (e.g., user equipments (UEs)). A LPN canbe used in a microcell, a picocell, a femtocell, and/or home network.Femto_Cell0 illustrates downlink traffic heavy usage by the wirelessdevices (e.g., UEs) and Femto_Cell1 illustrates uplink traffic heavyusage by the wireless devices. In a FDD example, the macro cell can usefrequency bands F1 for DL and F2 for UL, and femtocells can usefrequency bands F3 for DL and F4 for UL. In a TDD example, frequencybands F1/F2 can be used for DL and UL by the macro cell and frequencybands F3/F4 can be used for DL and UL by the femtocells.

The methods, processes, and system described herein can be applicable tovarious HetNet configurations, including layered HetNets with differentnode transmission powers. In systems, employing frequency divisionduplex (FDD), techniques, like enhanced inter-cell interferencecoordination (eICIC) and coordinated multi-point (CoMP), may be utilizedto enable efficient operation of HetNets. Compared to FDD, time divisionduplex (TDD) can offer flexible deployment opportunities without using apair of spectrum resources, and can enable further and adaptation ofradio resource allocation in the time domain between uplink (UL) anddownlink (DL) resources to suit different traffic conditions or anyother performance metrics (e.g., energy saving).

Allowing adaptive UL-DL configurations depending on traffic conditionsin different cells can significantly improve the system performance insome examples. FIG. 1 illustrates an example where different UL-DLconfigurations can considered in different cells. Networks (e.g.,HetNets or homogeneous networks) can involve a same carrier or differentcarriers deployed by a single operator or different operators in thesame band and employing either a same or different uplink-downlink(UL-DL) configurations. Where possible, interference may includeadjacent channel interference (when different carrier frequencies areused) as well as co-channel interference (when a same carrier frequencyis used) such as remote node-to-node interference (or BS-to-BSinterference or eNB-to-eNB interference). For instance, the methods,processes, and system described herein can be straightforwardly extendedto a scenario with two homogeneous deployments belonging to differentoperators on adjacent channels.

Legacy LTE TDD can support asymmetric UL-DL allocations by providingseven different semi-statically configured uplink-downlinkconfigurations. Table 1 illustrates seven UL-DL configurations used inLTE, where “D” represents a downlink subframe, “S” represents a specialsubframe, and “U” represents an uplink subframe. In an example, thespecial subframe can operate or be treated as a downlink subframe.

TABLE 1 Uplink-downlink Subframe number configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 0 D S U U U D S U U U 1 D S U U D D S U U D 2 D S U D D D S U D D 3 DS U U U D D D D D 4 D S U U D D D D D D 5 D S U D D D D D D D 6 D S U UU D S U U D

As illustrated by Table 1, UL-DL configuration 0 can include 6 uplinksubframes in subframes 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9, and 4 downlink and specialsubframes in subframes 0, 1, 5, and 6; and UL-DL configuration 5 caninclude one uplink subframe in subframe 2, and 9 downlink and specialsubframes in subframes 0, 1, and 3-9.

As an underlying requirement in some examples, all cells of the networkchange UL-DL (TDD) configurations synchronously in order to avoid theinterference. However, such a requirement can constrain the trafficmanagement capabilities in different cells of the network. The legacyLTE TDD set of configurations can provide DL subframe allocations in therange between 40% and 90%, as shown in Table 1. The UL and DL subframesallocation within a radio frame can be reconfigured through systeminformation broadcast signaling (e.g., system information block [SIB]).Hence, the UL-DL allocation once configured can be expected to varysemi-statically.

Predetermined or semi-statically configured UL-DL configurations may notmatch the instantaneous traffic situation which can result ininefficient resource utilization, especially in cells with a smallnumber of users that download or upload large amounts of data. AdaptiveUL-DL configurations can be used to handle cell-dependent trafficasymmetry and match instantaneous traffic situations but can generatedifferent types of interferences if not taken into consideration. Forsuch time division LTE (TD-LTE) deployments with different UL-DLconfigurations in different cells, the new types of interferences due toasymmetric UL-DL configurations can include node-to-node (or BS-to-BS)and UE-to-UE interference, which can be mitigated using variousmechanisms described herein. The impact of the inter-cell DL→UL(node-to-node) interference can significantly reduce the benefitsobtained from the adaptability of UL-DL configurations in differentcells. The methods, processes, and system described herein can providemechanisms to support dynamic allocation of UL-DL subframes in abackward compatible manner with improved handling of the newinterference types.

For example, a framework can be used for efficient operation of TDD-LTEsystems with efficient support for adaptive UL-DL subframeconfigurations based on traffic conditions in different cells withconsiderations for backward compatibility and handling of newinterference types. The framework can be extended to apply to adaptationof UL-DL TDD configuration based not only on traffic conditions but caninclude other performance metrics (e.g., energy saving) as well.

First, a physical resource structure to support adaptive UL-DLconfigurations in TD-LTE networks is presented along with variousconsiderations to ensure backward compatibility and avoid anydetrimental effect on measurement capabilities for legacy and advancedUEs. Then, mechanisms to handle the new types of interference arepresented with emphasis on a more significant case of node-to-nodeinterference. Finally, some signaling solutions to support adaptiveUL-DL configurations are presented.

The legacy TDD-LTE frame structure can be modified to support adaptiveUL-DL configurations and provide backward compatibility to a legacyTDD-LTE frame structure. In legacy TDD-LTE systems, seven differentUL-DL configurations can be defined (Configurations 0-6, as shown inTable 1) for LTE type-2 (TDD) frames. Some of the legacy subframes maynot change their transmission direction (DL or UL) among differentconfigurations (e.g., fixed subframes or subframes 0, 1, 2, and 5, where0 and 5 are DL subframes, 1 is a special subframe, and 2 is an ULsubframe), while others can be used for transmission direction in eitherDL or UL transmission directions depending on the selected UL-DLconfiguration.

For instance, based on an assumption of reusing the existing seven UL-DLconfigurations and not introducing additional configurations, thesubframes whose transmit direction (UL or DL) can be reconfigured can bedefined as Flexible Subframes (FlexSFs), as illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG.2 illustrates a radio frame structure that supports a legacy UL/DLconfiguration allocation for legacy UEs (in accordance with thesupported UL/DL configurations shown in Table 1) and also facilitates adynamic UL/DL re-configuration indication mechanism for advanced UEsaccording to some embodiments. The radio frame structure can include tensubframes denoted by subframe index 0 through 9 from left to right.Subframes 0, 5, and 6 can be designated as downlink subframes, Subframe1 can be designated as a special subframe (i.e., Sp); Subframe 2 can bedesignated as an uplink subframe; and Subframes 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9 can bedesignated as flexible subframes (FlexSFs).

The flexible subframes within the radio frame can be designated forconfiguring flexible transmission directions, where each of the flexiblesubframes can be dynamically designated a downlink, uplink, special, orspecial uplink subframe for advanced UEs, which can be configured with aflexible subframe. The special uplink subframe can include a downlinktransmission period to transmit downlink control channels, a centralguard period (GP) to switch between a downlink and uplink transmission,and an uplink data transmission period. In a TDD-LTE deployment, theradio frame structure can be 10 millisecond (ms) in a time duration andeach subframe within the radio frame structure can be 1 ms in duration.In another configuration (not shown), any of the 10 subframes can bedesignated as flexible subframes (not just Subframes 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9),which can be dynamically (e.g., 1 ms) or semi-statically (e.g., every600 ms) configured as a DL, UL, or special subframe.

The FlexSFs can be used to adapt UL-DL subframe configuration accordingto traffic/loading condition as well as for interference managementpurposes. Thus, each LTE type-2 frame can include FlexSFs andnon-flexible subframes (fixed subframes). The fixed subframes can havefixed or semi-static transmission direction (in either UL or DL) and maynot change their transmission directions to preserve backwardcompatibility with legacy UEs.

A node (e.g., macro node, pico node, or femto node) can utilize theFlexSFs (FIG. 2) and determine to change the transmit direction of theFlexSFs dynamically based on local traffic conditions and/orinterference conditions. The FlexSFs may be initialized to a defaulttransmission direction and then the FlexSFs may be adjusted based on thedefault UL-DL configurations (one of the seven different legacy UL-DLconfigurations), which may be different from the example shown in FIG.2.

In an example, the FlexSFs can be transparent to legacy UEs (with atransmission direction determined from one of the seven different legacyUL-DL configurations) and the UL-DL configuration can be changedsemi-statically for legacy UEs (i.e., unable to utilize FlexSFs that donot conform to one of the seven different legacy UL-DL configurations)through system information block type1 (SIB1) information bits. Theframework can maximize the reuse of existing UL/DL configurations, butthe framework can be straightforwardly extended to support additionalnew UL-DL configurations. New UL-DL configurations may define new hybridautomatic repeat request-timing (HARQ-timing) relationship for bothphysical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and physical uplink sharedchannel (PUSCH) transmission. In an example, the framework can supportflexible subframe reconfiguration without any negative impact on thecell-specific reference signal-based (CRS-based) measurement accuracy oflegacy UEs.

When the dynamically configured transmission direction of FlexSFs isdifferent from the default configuration as indicated by SIB1, theFlexSFs may not be used and/or scheduled for legacy UEs. Advanced UEscan allow the node (e.g., eNB) to dynamically configure the FlexSFs tomatch the UL-DL configuration with the instantaneous traffic situationeffectively. The advanced UEs can use UL-DL configurations beyond theseven legacy UL-DL configurations. The physical resource structureincluding the FlexSF and node scheduling can maintain the existing PDSCHtiming, PUSCH-physical HARQ indicator channel (PUSCH-PHICH) timing, andUL grant timing relationships, thereby avoiding additional definitionsof any new timing relationships to support the FlexSF. One approach toensure backward compatibility and support for legacy measurements,including DL control (physical downlink control channel [PDCCH])reception, may involve imposing restrictions such as only UL subframesmay be used as FlexSFs and the resulting frame configuration fromadaptive reconfiguration of one or more FlexSFs may belong to one of theseven type 2 frame structures of Table 1.

Another approach that allows bidirectional switching between UL-DL for asubframe while maintaining backward compatibility and co-existence withlegacy

UEs may be realized using multicast\broadcast single-frequencynetwork-type (MBSFN-type) subframes, as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3illustrates a flexible subframes with switchable transmission directioncan be achieved with a “virtual” MBSFN setting. The data region inFlexSFs, when configured as MBSFN subframes for legacy UEs, can bedynamically configured as with a DL direction (Pattern A) or a ULdirection (Pattern B) for advanced UEs through configuration indicationfield (CIF) signaling. A control region (e.g., the PDCCH or first twoOFDM symbols) in the FlexSF may not change and may remain as DL controlregion to maintain the measure accuracy and backward compatibility. Thedata region (e.g., remaining 12 OFDM symbols for normal cyclic prefix)can switchably change transmission directions between UL and DL.

In one example, the legacy PDCCH and PDSCH can represent elements of aradio frame structure transmitted on the physical (PHY) layer in adownlink transmission between a node (e.g., eNodeB) and the wirelessdevice (e.g., UE) using a generic long term evolution (LTE) framestructure, as illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 4 illustrates a downlink radio frame structure type 2. In theexample, a radio frame 100 of a signal used to transmit the data can beconfigured to have a duration, T_(f), of 10 milliseconds (ms). Eachradio frame can be segmented or divided into ten subframes 110 i thatare each 1 ms long. Each subframe can be further subdivided into twoslots 120 a and 120 b, each with a duration, T_(slot), of 0.5 ms. Thefirst slot (#0) 120 a can include a legacy physical downlink controlchannel (PDCCH) 160 and/or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)166, and the second slot (#1) 120 b can include data transmitted usingthe PDSCH.

Each slot for a component carrier (CC) used by the node and the wirelessdevice can include multiple resource blocks (RBs) 130 a, 130 b, 130 i,130 m, and 130 n based on the CC frequency bandwidth. The CC can have acarrier frequency having a bandwidth and center frequency. Each subframeof the CC can include downlink control information (DCI) found in thelegacy PDCCH. The legacy PDCCH in the control region can include one tothree columns of the first OFDM symbols in each subframe or physical RB(PRB), when a legacy PDCCH is used. The remaining 11 to 13 OFDM symbolsin the subframe may be allocated to the PDSCH for data (for short ornormal cyclic prefix).

Each RB (physical RB or PRB) 130 i can include 12 15 kHz-subcarriers 136(on the frequency axis) and 6 or 7 orthogonal frequency-divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) symbols 132 (on the time axis) per slot. The RB canuse seven OFDM symbols if a short or normal cyclic prefix (CP) isemployed. The RB can use six OFDM symbols if an extended cyclic prefixis used. The resource block can be mapped to 84 resource elements (REs)140 i using short or normal cyclic prefixing, or the resource block canbe mapped to 72 REs (not shown) using extended cyclic prefixing. The REcan be a unit of one OFDM symbol 142 by one subcarrier (i.e., 15 kHz)146.

Each RE can transmit two bits 150 a and 150 b of information in the caseof quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation. Other types ofmodulation may be used, such as 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)or 64 QAM to transmit a greater number of bits in each RE, or bi-phaseshift keying (BPSK) modulation to transmit a lesser number of bits (asingle bit) in each RE. The RB can be configured for a downlinktransmission from the eNodeB to the UE, or the RB can be configured foran uplink transmission from the UE to the eNodeB.

Interference management (IM) in TDD-LTE systems can be used withadaptive UL-DL configurations, which can include flexible subframes. Asdiscussed previously, adaptive UL-DL configurations in different cells(i.e., asymmetric UL-DL configurations) can lead to new interferencetypes, such as UE-to-UE and node-to-node interference. Of the variousinterference types, the case of DL→UL interference (e.g., node-to-nodeinterference) can be a more significant form of interference that, ifnot handled effectively, can reduce the performance improvements fromadapting UL-DL configurations to match traffic conditions in respectivecells.

To address the DL→UL interference while maximizing the overall systemperformance, various IM principles can be used. For example, DLsignal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SINR) can be less sensitive toUL interference and UL SINR can be more sensitive to DL interference,especially from DL interference caused by a macro cell. The macro nodecan use flexible subframes (FlexSF), also referred to as interferencemanagement subframes (IMS), either with reduced DL transmit power orconfigured as UL subframe, when the macro DL causes severe interferenceto neighboring cells or a majority of small cells' UL FlexSF within themacro cell coverage area. Alternatively, the small cell (e.g., femtocell or pico cell) can use FlexSF either with a reduced DL transmitpower or configured as UL subframe when the small cell causes severeinterference to neighboring the small cells' UL FlexSF within the smallcell's coverage area or the macro cell's coverage area. The IMprinciples can be used to help determine when a macro node or low powernode (LPN) may configure a FlexSF as a DL subframe or not configure theFlexSF as a DL subframe and with what DL transmit power level, byconsidering the impact of interference generated to any nearby cellsthat may be operating in UL mode.

IM clustering can be an IM mechanism to mitigate node-to-nodeinterference. In IM clustering, the entire network can be divided into anumber of clusters of cells that can be considered as isolated(de-coupled) from each other. The cells within each cluster can use asame TDD configuration that is adapted according to the trafficconditions within the cluster, while the cells in different clusters mayhave UL-DL subframe configurations that are independent of otherclusters.

FIG. 5 depicts the formation of multiple clusters based on couplinglevels between nodes. As used herein, the term coupling interference,coupling level, and/or interference level refers to a measurement of aDL transmission by one node at another node, which can be a measurementof potential interference. FIG. 5 illustrates five different LPNs 202a-ewith their corresponding cell coverage areas 204 a-e. However, anynumber of nodes and combinations of LPNs and macro nodes can be used.Additionally, a coupling level between each pair of nodes is shown.Coupling levels above a coupling threshold are depicted by solid, boldarrows 208, 210. Coupling levels not above the coupling threshold aredepicted as thin, dashed arrows. The coupling threshold can be set at apredetermined level at which a potential for node-to-node and UE-to-UEinterference can begin to be significant. In an example, the couplingthreshold can be determined by a SINR.

The two coupling levels above a coupling threshold 208, 210 can be thebasis for forming a first cluster 212 with the first node 202 a and thesecond node 202 b and a second cluster 214 with the fourth node 202 dand the fifth node 202 e. Since no coupling level above the couplingthreshold exists between the third node 202 c and any other nodes, athird cluster 516, with a single node, can be formed. Each cluster canhave a different UL-DL/TDD configuration, as indicated by the firstUL-DL/TDD configuration 218 (corresponding to UL-DL/TDD configuration #4 in Table 1) for the first cluster 212, the second UL-DL/TDDconfiguration 220 (corresponding to UL-DL/TDD configuration # 3 inTable 1) for the second cluster 214, and the third UL-DL/TDDconfiguration 222 (corresponding to UL-DL/TDD configuration # 6 inTable 1) for the third cluster 216.

The three clusters are depicted at the fifth timeslot/sub-frame (labeled#4), where potential conflicts in directional traffic exist, butinterference problems can be mitigated by the formation of differentclusters. Potential conflicts can also exist on the eighth and ninthsub-frames (labeled #7 and #8, respectively). The formation of severaldifferent clusters allows the wireless wide area network (WWAN) 200 toadapt in near real time to differing directional transmission trafficloads within the different clusters. Differing traffic loads can bedepicted by differing numbers of arrows from UEs to nodes and from nodesto UEs 206 depicting differing relative demands for UL and DLtransmissions respectively. The various UL-DL/TDD configurations 218,220, and 222 can be modified to meet these demands for UL and DLtransmissions.

To facilitate the determination of UL-DL/TDD configurations 218, 220,and 222, nodes can communicate their directional traffic needs betweenone another over low-latency backhaul infrastructure. Individual nodeswithin a cluster can be configured to send traffic direction informationabout traffic direction needs and receive such traffic directioninformation. Decisions about a common UL-DL/TDD configuration or arestricted set of UL-DL configurations for a cluster 212, 214, and 216can be made on the basis of joint UL and DL needs throughout the clusterand/or splitting differences between UL and DL traffic demands atindividual nodes in the cluster.

Decisions about UL-DL/TDD configurations can be made at individual nodesand/or at a network level. Determinations for UL-DL/TDD configurationsfor different clusters can be continually made and updated independentof one another to respond to dynamically changing directional trafficloads monitored within individual clusters.

As described, an isolated cluster can be a group of cells (or cluster)for which the DL and UL performance (e.g. SINR) of the cells in thecluster are not deemed sensitive to the transmission direction ofneighboring cells outside the cluster (in other clusters), and thechange of transmission direction in the cells of the cluster may notdegrade performance of the neighboring cells outside the cluster (inother clusters). Clusters can be merged into a bigger cluster, whenisolated clusters overlap with one or more cells being common to bothclusters. Clusters can be split into smaller clusters, when a group ofcells within the cluster are no longer sensitive to the transmissiondirection of other groups of cells within the cluster.

The identification of the IM clusters may be based on comparing pathlossvalues corresponding to the node-to-node channels between differentcells to a pre-determined threshold, which may be cell-specific. In anexample, the configurations of the IM clusters can be updated in asemi-static manner. In another example, the configurations of an IMcluster or a subset of the IM cluster can change dynamically based onthe traffic conditions in the cells. For instance, a single cluster maybe de-coupled into two or more subclusters if certain cells that couplethese smaller clusters are deactivated (e.g., have no active traffic).In another configuration, IM clustering can be extended to includesemi-static coordination between IM clusters and dynamic coordinationbetween sub-clusters within an IM cluster.

In an example to generate the IM cluster, each node can search forneighboring nodes and acquire time and frequency synchronization with aneighboring cell in a same frequency and detect the neighboring cellidentifier (ID) using synchronization signals received previously atpower-up. Time and frequency synchronization information aboutneighboring nodes may also be made available at each node viainformation exchange over the backhaul. The node can performcorresponding reference signal received power (RSRP) and/or referencesignal received quality (RSRQ) measurements for each neighboring celldetected. In an example, the RSRP and/or RSRQ measurements can be takenin fixed subframes to allow backward compatibility and allow for use offlexible subframes. Each node can generate a measurement report and sendthe measurement report to other neighboring nodes or a network entity(e.g., central processing module [CPM], centralized processing unit, ora specified node). The network entity (NE) can be assigned to generateIM clusters and/or coordinate UL-DL configurations between cells. Themeasurement report can include a neighboring cell's physical-layer cellidentity (PCI), a RSRP value, and/or a RSRQ value. The NE can receivethe measurement results reported from neighboring nodes to generateisolated cell identification (ICI) and determine whether to supportUL-DL configuration functionality at the neighboring nodes, whereneighboring nodes can be triggered automatically (i.e., automatic UL-DLreconfiguration). The NE can calculate and/or determine an UL-DLconfiguration indication status and send an UL-DL configurationindication to a neighboring node and neighboring cells when the UL-DLconfiguration indication is changed compared with previous states basedon the output of automatic UL-DL configuration function. The UL-DLconfiguration indication can be used to inform the neighboring node thatUL-DL reconfiguration functionality is enabled or disabled. Theneighboring node can set the UL-DL reconfiguration enable or disabledecision based on the UL-DL configuration indication received from NE.

As illustrated, to obtain RSRP-type information for node-to-nodechannels, some timing coordination may be used for one cell to makeRSRP-type measurements on the cell's uplink from the cell's neighboringcells. More specifically, certain subframes may be configured to be inUL mode in the measuring cell while the cell to be measured operates inDL mode. Then, once synchronization is achieved, CRS (or channel stateinformation reference signals [CSI-RS]) based pathloss estimation may beutilized by the measuring cell to estimate the pathloss. In an example,coordination between neighboring nodes can be facilitated via networkcoordination (e.g., NE). A cell can in a measuring mode when the celldoes not have an active load. Pathloss measurements from a cell may beperformed while the cell is in DL mode (transmitting either regular orMBSFN subframes), while the measuring cell can be in UL mode during themeasurements. Information regarding the synchronization signals, CRSports, CSI-RS resources, and/or transmit power information can beconveyed to the measuring cell via the backhaul (X2 and/orpoint-to-point fiber connection). Further coordination between the cellsin the IM cluster may be used as well, such as exchange of informationregarding traffic conditions or a preferred UL-DL configuration.Alternatively, pathloss measurements between neighboring nodes may bedone with additional signaling that can be defined specifically for IMclustering or can be implemented using a vendor specific procedureand/or protocol.

Moreover, for the above-defined clusters of cells operating in DL mode,the DL throughput performance may be further improved by using anappropriate DL Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) technique within the IMcluster depending on the loading and interference conditions within theIM cluster. However, depending on the IM cluster and the DL CoMPmeasurement set sizes, the configuration of the CoMP set may, ingeneral, be independent of the configuration of the IM cluster.Similarly, eICIC techniques may also be used in conjunction with IMmethods (e.g., IM clustering) to further improve the performance viastatic and/or semi-static coordination of macro transmissions over alarger network area.

A Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) system may be used to reduceinterference from neighboring nodes in both homogeneous networks andHetNets. In the Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) system, the nodes,referred to as cooperating nodes, can also be grouped together withother nodes where the nodes from multiple cells can transmit signals tothe wireless device and receive signals from the wireless device. Thecooperating nodes can be nodes in the homogeneous network or macro nodesand/or lower power nodes (LPN) in the HetNet. CoMP operation can applyto downlink transmissions and uplink transmissions.

Downlink CoMP operation can be divided into two categories: coordinatedscheduling or coordinated beamforming (CS/CB or CS/CBF), and jointprocessing or joint transmission (JP/JT). With CS/CB, a given subframecan be transmitted from one cell to a given wireless device (e.g., UE),and the scheduling, including coordinated beamforming, is dynamicallycoordinated between the cells in order to control and/or reduce theinterference between different transmissions. For joint processing,joint transmission can be performed by multiple cells to a wirelessdevice (e.g., UE), in which multiple nodes transmit at the same timeusing the same time and frequency radio resources and/or dynamic cellselection.

Two methods can be used for joint transmission: non-coherenttransmission, which uses soft-combining reception of the OFDM signal;and coherent transmission, which performs precoding between cells forin-phase combining at the receiver. By coordinating and combiningsignals from multiple antennas, CoMP, allows mobile users to enjoyconsistent performance and quality for high-bandwidth services whetherthe mobile user is close to the center of a cell or at the outer edgesof the cell.

Uplink CoMP operation can be divided into two categories: jointreception (JR) and coordinated scheduling and beamforming (CS/CB). WithJR, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmitted by the wirelessdevice (e.g., UE) can be received jointly at multiple points at a timeframe. The set of the multiple points can constitute the CoMP receptionpoint (RP) set, and can be included in part of UL CoMP cooperating setor in an entire UL CoMP cooperating set. JR can be used to improve thereceived signal quality. In CS/CB, user scheduling and precodingselection decisions can be made with coordination among pointscorresponding to the UL CoMP cooperating set. With CS/CB, PUSCHtransmitted by the UE can be received at one point.

FIG. 6A illustrates an example of a coordination area 308 (outlined witha bold line) of an intra-site CoMP system in a homogenous network, whichcan illustrate LTE CoMP scenario 1. Each node 310A and 312B-G can servemultiple cells (or sectors) 320A-G, 322A-G, and 324A-G. The cell can bea logical definition generated by the node or geographic transmissionarea or sub-area (within a total coverage area) covered by the node,which can include a specific cell identification (ID) that defines theparameters for the cell, such as control channels, reference signals,and component carriers (CC) frequencies. By coordinating transmissionamong multiple cells, interference from other cells can be reduced andthe received power of the desired signal can be increased. The nodesoutside the CoMP system can be non-cooperating nodes 312B-G. In anexample, the CoMP system can be illustrated as a plurality ofcooperating nodes (not shown) surrounded by a plurality ofnon-cooperating nodes.

FIG. 6B illustrates an example of an inter-site CoMP system with highpower remote radio heads (RRHs) in a homogenous network, which canillustrate LTE CoMP scenario 2. A coordination area 306 (outlined with abold line) can include eNBs 310A and RRHs 314H-M, where each RRH can beconfigured to communicate with the eNB via a backhaul link (optical orwired link). The cooperating nodes can include eNBs and RRHs. In a CoMPsystem, the nodes can be grouped together as cooperating nodes inadjacent cells, where the cooperating nodes from multiple cells cantransmit signals to the wireless device 302 and receive signals from thewireless device. The cooperating nodes can coordinatetransmission/reception of signals from/to the wireless device 302 (e.g.,UE). The cooperating node of each CoMP system can be included in acoordinating set.

FIG. 6C illustrates an example of a CoMP system with low power nodes(LPNs) in a macro cell coverage area. FIG. 6C can illustrate LTE CoMPscenarios 3 and 4. In the intra-site CoMP example illustrated in FIG.6C, LPNs (or RRHs) of a macro node 310A may be located at differentlocations in space, and CoMP coordination may be within a singlemacrocell. A coordination area 304 can include eNBs 310A and LPNs380N-S, where each LPN can be configured to communicate with the eNB viaa backhaul link 332 (optical or wired link). A cell 326A of a macro nodemay be further sub-divided into sub-cells 330N-S. LPNs (or RRHs) 380N-Smay transmit and receive signals for a sub-cell. A wireless device 302can be on a sub-cell edge (or cell-edge) and intra-site CoMPcoordination can occur between the LPNs (or RRHs) or between the eNB andthe LPNs. In CoMP scenario 3, the low power RRHs providingtransmission/reception points within the macrocell coverage area canhave different cell IDs from the macro cell. In CoMP scenario 4, the lowpower RRHs providing transmission/reception points within the macrocellcoverage area can have a same cell ID as the macro cell.

A network can support frequency domain inter-cell interferencecoordination (ICIC) or time domain enhanced ICIC (eICIC). In an example,ICIC can be used to decrease interference between neighboring cells ornodes (e.g., coordination nodes or cooperation nodes) by lowering thepower of a part of the subchannels in the frequency domain which thencan be received close to the node. The subchannels do not interfere withthe same subchannels used in neighboring cells and thus, data can besent to wireless devices that are close to the cell with lessinterference on these subchannels.

Another ICIC technique is enhanced ICIC (eICIC) used in the time domainfor heterogeneous networks (HetNets), where a high power macro cell canbe complemented with low power nodes such as pico cells (hotspots inshopping centers or at airports) or femto cells (hotspots in small areassuch as homes or businesses). The low power nodes can exist inside amacro cell coverage area. The macro cell can transmit long range highpower signals, and the low power nodes can transmit low power signalsover short distances. In an example to mitigate interference between themacro cell and the several low power nodes located within the macro cellcoverage area, eICIC can coordinate the blanking of subframes in thetime domain in the macro cell by using MBSFN-type subframes. As usedherein, a cell can refer to the node (e.g., eNB) configured tocommunicate with wireless devices within a geographic region that isreferred to as a cell coverage area.

In another example, the backhaul link can be used to inform the victimcell (e.g., operating in UL mode) of partial or full informationregarding the transmissions from a coupled aggressor cell (e.g.,operating in DL mode), such that the victim cell may partially orcompletely cancel the interference from the aggressor cell's DLtransmission first before decoding the UL transmissions from UEs in thevictim cell via successive interference cancellation. Alternatively in acase of centralized processing, centralized radio access network (CRANor C-RAN) based network architecture remote radio heads (RRHs) can beconnected directly to a centralized processing module (CPM) orcentralized processing unit (e.g. using optical, wired, or wirelesslink) where information about a transmit signal for set of RRHs and/ormacro cells can be available and can be utilized for compensation ofinter-cell interference between RRHs and/or eNBs (i.e., betweendifferent types of cells having opposite transmission directions).

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of inter-node interference 880 (includinginter-cell interference) between nodes 810 and 812 (e.g., node-to-nodeinterference) and inter-user interference 884 between users or wirelessdevices 850 and 852 (e.g., UE-to-UE interference) for a homogeneousnetwork deployment scenario. The different types of interference,including inter-cell interference and inter-user interference, if notaccount for, may limit the potential benefits of adapting TDD systems todynamic traffic conditions.

Due to the relatively high transmission power of the nodes, inter-cellinterference (e.g., node-to-node interference) can be a severe problem.For example, the propagation characteristics between nodes (e.g., macronodes) can be line-of-sight (LOS) with a transmit power approximately25-30 decibels (dB) higher than the power of a user terminal or awireless device. The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicatesthe ratio of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity) relativeto a specified or implied reference level. Thus, the power level of areceived uplink signal 872 from the wireless device 850 can be less thanthe power of the inter-node interference signal 870 from the aggressornode. Synchronous TDD networks using the same synchronous TDDconfiguration over the whole network has been used to avoid inter-nodeinterference.

Inter-node interference can be compensated for or cancelled at areceiving node (e.g., victim node or an uplink node) allowing forasymmetrical DL and UL configurations across the multi-cell environmentwith reduced interference and greater efficiency of TDD networks. A node(e.g., eNB) can be either a victim node or an aggressor node based onthe DL or UL configuration of the node at a specified time interval. Forexample, if at one time interval, the node 810 is receiving an uplink(UL) transmission from a wireless device 850 while another node 812 istransmitting a downlink (DL) transmission, the node can be referred toas a victim node or an uplink node. If at another time interval, thenode 812 is transmitting a DL transmission to a wireless device 852while another node 810 is receiving an UL transmission, the node can bereferred to as an aggressor node or a downlink node.

In an example, the victim node 810 can receive DL signal informationfrom an aggressor node 812 via a backhaul communication link 844, suchas X2 signaling via a wired connection or an optical fiber connection.At the victim node, a channel impulse response 880 for a channel betweenthe aggressor node and the victim node can be estimated using thedownlink signal information. An inter-node interference signal for thechannel can be estimated using the downlink signal information and thechannel impulse response. The victim node can receive an uplink signal860 from a wireless device 850 after the downlink signal information ofthe aggressor node is received and the inter-node interference signal isestimated. The estimated inter-node interference signal can besubtracted from the uplink signal to form an inter-node interferencecompensated uplink signal, which can substantially cancel the inter-nodeinterference from the aggressor node in the uplink signal thus allowinga reliable and high throughput transmission between the victim node andwireless device.

Although, FIG. 7 illustrates a homogeneous network, the methods,systems, devices, and interference described herein can also beapplicable to heterogeneous networks. In another example, such as in acentralized radio access network (C-RAN) or a HetNet, inter-nodeinterference cancellation can be provided by at a central processingmodule (CPM). In an example the CPM can be used as a baseband unit (BBU)for multiple stations of the network.

FIG. 8 illustrates a CPM 840 in communication with a macro node 814 andlow power nodes (LPNs) 830 and 832 via a backhaul communication link842, such as X2 signaling (or other vendor specific connections andprotocols) via a wired connection or an optical fiber connection. TheCPM can generate a downlink signal for a downlink node 814. The CPM canestimate a channel impulse response 890 for a channel between thedownlink node and an uplink node 830 using the downlink signaltransmitted by the downlink node. The CPM can determine an inter-nodeinterference signal for the channel using the downlink signal and thechannel impulse response. The downlink signal 874 can be transmitted viathe downlink node. The CPM can receive an uplink signal 864 from awireless device via the uplink node at a substantially same time as thedownlink signal is transmitted. The received inter-node interferencesignal can be subtracted from the uplink signal to form an inter-nodeinterference compensated uplink signal to substantially cancel theinter-node interference from the downlink node in the uplink signal.

Inter-node interference cancellation can provide a mechanism to cancel,reduce, or possibly even eliminate inter-node interference in TDDnetworks for dynamic non-aligned DL/UL frame configurations betweennodes or cells. Additionally, inter-node interference cancellation canbe used to provide coexistence of TDD and FDD networks.

Referring back to FIG. 7 of a homogeneous network deployment operatingin dynamic TDD mode at a specified time interval, a victim node 810 in avictim node cell area 816 can be in proximity to an aggressor node 812in an aggressor node cell area 818. Inter-node interference cancellationcan be provided for the victim node operating in UL (victim cell) andthe aggressor node operating in DL (aggressor cell). The uplink signalreceived 860 by the victim node can be represented by y_(eNB) ₁(t)=h_(eNB) ₁ _(−UE) ₁

s_(U)(t)+h_(eNB) ₁ _(−eNB) ₂

s_(D)(t)+n(t),

where s^(U)(t) 872 is an uplink signal transmitted by a victim cellwireless device (i.e., a wireless device) 850 to the victim node,s_(D)(t) 870 is a downlink signal transmitted by the aggressor node toan aggressor cell wireless device (i.e., a second wireless device) 852,n(t) is additive noise from other sources, h_(eNB) ₁ _(−UE) ₁ 882 is achannel impulse response between the victim cell wireless device and thevictim node, h_(eNB) ₁ _(−eNB) ₂ 880 is a channel impulse responsebetween the aggressor node and the victim node.

FIG. 7 also illustrates a downlink signal received 862 by the aggressorcell wireless device, including the downlink signal with the channelimpulse response 886 between the aggressor cell wireless device and theaggressor node, and the uplink signal acting as interference with thechannel impulse response 884 between the victim cell wireless device andthe aggressor cell wireless device.

Without interference, the uplink signal received can be represented byh_(eNB) ₁ _(−UE) ₁

s_(U)(t), the linear convolution of the channel impulse response betweenthe victim cell wireless device and the victim node combined with theuplink signal transmitted by a victim cell wireless device. The power ofthe interference signal h_(eNB) ₁ _(−eNB) ₂

s_(D)(t) generate by the aggressor node can be much higher than thepower of the useful uplink signal h_(eNB) ₁ _(−UE) ₁

s_(U)(t) Removing the additive term h_(eNB) ₁ _(−eNB) ₂

s_(D)(t) of the inter-node interference signal from a neighboring node(e.g., aggressor node) can allow the victim node to successfully receivethe uplink signal s_(U)(t) in some scenarios.

The interfering node (i.e., aggressor node) 812 can provide, over thebackhaul link 844, the downlink signal information on the transmittedsignal 870 to the receiving node (i.e., victim node) 810. Both theinterfering node and the receiving node can receive the downlink signalinformation from each other since, both nodes can provide downlinktransmission at different intervals of time. The downlink signalinformation exchange may be implemented in different ways. In oneembodiment, the downlink signal information may include a directwaveform s_(D)(t) 870.

In another embodiment, the downlink signal information may include thespecific information used to reconstruct the transmitted waveforms_(D)(t) at the victim node. Such specific information may includeinformation bits, a resource allocation, a multiple input multipleoutput (MIMO) transmission mode, a modulation and code rate, andcombination of this specific information. The signal transmitted byaggressor node can become fully or partially known and available at thevictim node.

Once the transmitted inter-cell interference waveform s_(D)(t) 870 isavailable at the victim node 810, the victim node may use the inter-cellinterference waveform to estimate the channel impulse response h_(eNB) ₁_(−eNB) ₂ 880 or channel transfer function between the victim node andthe aggressor node. The channel estimation accuracy of the channelimpulse response can be very high due to a large processing gain whichcomes from a knowledge of the transmitted waveform s_(D)(t).Alternatively, channel estimation may be performed with additioninformation provided by reference signals (RS) or synchronizationsignals in the system, or the channel estimate may be provided by thenetwork when the channel estimate was previously measured.

The victim node 810 can estimate or reconstruct the received inter-cellinterference signal h_(eNB) ₁ _(−eNB) ₂

s_(D)(t) and subtract the inter-cell interference signal from thereceived signal y_(eNB) ₁ (t) 860, thus suppressing the inter-cellinterference. When the inter-cell interference channel estimation can beaccurately estimated, the inter-node interference compensated uplinksignal at the victim node x_(eNB) ₁ (t) may be represented by: x_(eNB) ₁(t)=y_(eNB) ₁ (t)−h_(eNB) ₁ _(−eNB) ₂

s_(D)(t)=h_(eNB) ₁ _(−UE) ₁

s_(U)(t)+n(t), which can substantially cancel the inter-nodeinterference from the aggressor node in the uplink signal.

Thus, inter-node interference cancellation can remove most of theinter-node interference, which can make the reception of the uplinksignal feasible in an asymmetric UL-DL configuration between neighboringnodes. Inter-node interference cancellation can provide the TDD networksan additional option to dynamically control the TDD configuration ineach cell of the network based on the instantaneous DL and UL trafficasymmetry.

Inter-node interference cancellation can be used in HetNets or acentralized, cooperative, or cloud radio access network (CRAN or C-RAN),where the node functionality can be subdivided between a baseband unit(BBU) processing pool and a remote radio unit (RRU) or a remote radiohead (RRH) with optical fiber connecting the BBU to the RRU. The C-RANcan provide centralized processing, co-operative radio, and a real-timecloud infrastructure RAN.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, the C-RAN can be composed of three parts: aremote radio pool 430 equipped by remote radio units (RRUs) 432A-I withantennas, a shared virtual base station or a baseband processing pool410 including baseband units (BBUs) 412A-C, and a fiber or cable 422A-Dand 424G in a physical transport network 420 connecting at least one ofthe RRUs in the remote radio pool to at least one of the BBUs in thebaseband pool. The baseband processing pool can be centralized. Each BBUcan include a high-performance general purpose processor, a real-timevirtualization processor, and/or a physical (PHY) layer processor and/ora MAC layer processor 414A-F. The BBUs can be coupled to a load balancerand switch 418A-B via electrical or optical cabling 426C. The physicaltransport network can be a low-latency transport network, abandwidth-efficient network, and/or an optical transport network 420using optical fiber or optical cabling.

In another example, the physical transport network can be a high speedelectrical transport network. The physical transport network can providea physical communication link between the BBU and the RRU. The physicalcommunication link can include an optical fiber link or a wiredelectrical link. The BBU can be referred to as a radio elementcontroller (REC). The RRU can be referred to as a remote radio head(RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), or a radioequipment (RE). Each RRU can be separated from the BBU by a selecteddistance. Each RRU can include a sector, cell, or coverage area 438E fora wireless device, such as a user equipment (UE) 434A-J, where thewireless device may be located within multiple sectors, cells, orcoverage areas. The distributed RRUs of the C-RAN can provide a RAN withhigh capacity and a wide coverage area.

RRUs 432A-I can be smaller, easier to install, easier to maintain, andconsume less power than the BBUs 412A-C. The baseband processing pool110 can aggregate the processing power of the BBU through real-timevirtualization technology and provide the signal processing capacity tothe virtual BTSs or RRUs in the pool. The physical transport network candistribute the processed signals to the RRUs in the remote radio pool430. The centralized BBU pool can reduce the number of node rooms usedfor BBUs and can make resource aggregation and large-scale cooperativeradio transmission/reception possible. The C-RAN can dynamically switcha serving gateway's (S-GW) connectivity from a first BBU to a second BBUin the BBU pool. In another example, the C-RAN can dynamically switch aBBU's connectivity from a first RRU to a second RRU in the RRU pool.

Referring back to FIG. 8, a heterogeneous network deployment operatingin dynamic TDD mode at a specified time interval can provide theinter-node interference cancellation in HetNets and/or a C-RAN.Inter-node interference cancellation can apply to nodes in aheterogeneous cooperative network with a central processing module (CPM)or centralized processing unit and remote radio heads (or macro node orLPNs).

In an example, the CPM can be used as a baseband unit (BBU) for multiplestations of the network. When the CPM is used, a backhaul link fortransmitting downlink signal information to an uplink node may not beneeded and processing, such as construction of a transmit waveform,inter-node channel estimation, and subtraction of the inter-nodeinterference signal from the received uplink signal, may be directlyimplemented at the CPM, which may also control operation of severalcells, nodes, or remote radio heads (RRH).

FIG. 8 illustrates a CPM 840 in communication with a macro node 814 andlow power nodes (LPNs) 830 and 832 via a backhaul communication link842, such as X2 signaling via a wired connection or an optical fiberconnection. The CPM can generate a downlink signal for a downlink node814. The CPM can estimate a channel impulse response 890 for a channelbetween the downlink node and an uplink node 830 using the downlinksignal or downlink signal information. The CPM can determine aninter-node interference signal for the channel using the downlink signaland the channel impulse response. The downlink signal 874 can betransmitted via the downlink node. The CPM can receive an uplink signal864 from a wireless device via the uplink node at a substantially sametime as the downlink signal is transmitted. The received inter-nodeinterference signal can be subtracted from the uplink signal to form aninter-node interference compensated uplink signal to substantiallycancel the inter-node interference from the downlink node in the uplinksignal.

Inter-node interference cancellation can be provided for the uplink node830 or 832 operating in an UL in proximity to downlink node 814operating in a DL. The uplink signal received 864 by the uplink node 830can be represented byy _(RHH) ₁ (t)=h _(RRH) ₁ _(−UE) ₁

s _(U) ₁ (t)+h_(RRH) ₁ _(−eNB)

s _(D)(t)+n(t),where s_(U) ₁ (t) 876 is an uplink signal transmitted by a wirelessdevice 854 to the uplink node, s_(D)(t) 874 is a downlink signaltransmitted by the downlink node 214 to a second wireless device 856,n(t) is additive noise from other sources, h_(RRH) ₁ _(−UE) ₁ 892 is achannel impulse response between the wireless device and the uplinknode, h_(RRH) ₁ _(−eNB) 890 is a channel impulse response between thedownlink node and the uplink node.

FIG. 8 also illustrates a second uplink signal received y_(RHH) ₂ (t)866 by a second uplink node 832, where s_(U) ₂ (t) 878 is an seconduplink signal transmitted by a third wireless device 858 to the seconduplink node, h_(RRH) ₂ _(−UE) ₂ 896 is a channel impulse responsebetween the third wireless device and the second uplink node, andh_(RRH) ₂ _(−eNB) 894 is a channel impulse response between the downlinknode and the second uplink node. FIG. 8 also illustrates a downlinksignal received by the second wireless device, including the downlinksignal with the channel impulse response h_(UE) ₁ _(−eNB) 898 betweenthe second wireless device and the downlink node.

Inter-node interference cancellation can be used in combination withMIMO beamforming techniques. For example, the transmit beamforming atthe aggressor node or downlink node can provide null steering in thedirection of the victim node or uplink node to minimize the signaltransmission power emitted in the direction of the victim node or uplinknode. Receiver (RX) beamforming and interference cancellation at theside of the victim node or uplink node can provide preliminaryinter-cell interference compensation caused by the aggressor node ordownlink node.

In another example, inter-cell interference cancellation can be appliedto asynchronous DL and UL transmissions in different cells by using areference interference signal waveform exchanged through the backhaulinglink between neighboring nodes. Inter-cell interference cancellation caninclude reconstruction of the DL signal waveforms from aggressor cellsand/or adaptation to DL and UL traffic asymmetry in TDD networks.

In another configuration, explicit and implicit signaling can supportadaptive UL-DL configurations in TDD-LTE systems. The signaling designto indicate the reconfiguration of the UL-DL configuration can depend onthe frequency of reconfiguration to adapt to traffic conditions. Asstated previously, the UL-DL configuration for legacy UEs can be changedsemi-statically through SIB1 information bits. Re-configuration to adaptto traffic conditions, if done semi-statically, may also be supportedvia explicit signaling of the UL-DL configuration (including theflexible subframe) via a radio resource control (RRC) layer or by amedia access control-control element (MAC-CE).

If adaptation is performed dynamically, the PDCCH or the enhancedphysical downlink control channel (ePDCCH) carrying the relevant (UL/DL)DCI may be used to explicitly inform the advanced UEs of the UL-DLconfiguration in a dynamic way. For a dynamic signaling approach, eithera specific DCI format (of the same size as DCI format 1C in LTE) may bedesigned that can also support UL-DL subframe configuration adaptationfor multiple component carriers (CCs), or the configuration indicationfield (CIF) may be added to the existing backward compatible DCIformats. In an example, the specific DCI format to support UL-DLsubframe configuration adaptation for multiple CCs can include multipleCIFs and/or use a configuration indicator-radio network temporaryidentifier (CI-RNTI). While fast adaptations (on scale of fewmilliseconds) may be beneficial in terms of matching the trafficconditions in respective cells, fast adaptations can lead to excessivesignaling overhead if explicit signaling of the UL-DL subframeconfiguration is used.

Implicit signaling based on a subframe-pairing technique may also beused to dynamically indicate UL-DL configurations. Implicit signalingcan rely on existing timing relationships for UL grants, PDSCH hybridautomatic repeat request-acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) timing, and PHICHtiming in legacy networks without explicit signaling. During implicitsignaling the node may not explicitly signal or inform the UE of theFlexSF transmission direction (e.g., UL or DL). For implicit signaling,the wireless device (e.g., UE) can consider a FlexSF as a DL subframe inthe absence of an UL grant in the DCI carried by the PDCCH on a relevantDL subframe (based on the UL grant timing). For an uplink subframe, thewireless device can use a pattern B MBSFN-type subframe (i.e., falseMBSFN subframe) with a PDCCH, as shown in FIG. 3. Thus, implicitsignaling can enable dynamic signaling of the UL-DL subframeconfiguration without increasing the signaling overhead. The MBSFN-typesubframe design shown in FIG. 3 can enable an implicit signaling scheme.Implicit can be used to reduce signaling bandwidth and/or provide energyor power savings.

Automatic Repeat reQuest is a feedback mechanism whereby a receivingterminal requests retransmission of packets which are detected to beerroneous. Hybrid ARQ is a simultaneous combination of AutomaticRetransmission reQuest (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC) whichcan enables the overhead of error correction to be adapted dynamicallydepending on the channel quality. When HARQ is used and if the errorscan be corrected by FEC then no retransmission may be requested,otherwise if the errors can be detected but not corrected, aretransmission can be requested. An ACKnowledgment (ACK) signal can betransmitted to indicate that one or more blocks of data, such as in aPDSCH, have been successfully received and decoded. HARQ-ACK/NegativeACKnowledgement (NACK or NAK) information can include feedback from areceiver to the transmitter in order to acknowledge a correct receptionof a packet or ask for a new retransmission (via NACK or NAK).

The node can be responsible for proper scheduling of data transmissionfor legacy UEs to ensure that a corresponding PUSCH resources andHARQ-ACK resources of PDSCH and PUSCH are still valid even when the TDDconfiguration is changed for advanced UEs. In an example, the FlexSFswith dynamically configured transmission directions can also be utilizedby advanced UEs while maintaining a proper HARQ-ACK feedback withpredefined HARQ timeline linked and/or corresponding to a configuredUL-DL configuration.

Some discrepancies related to sounding reference signals (SRS) resourcesmay exist, especially SRS transmissions based on LTE trigger type 0(i.e., via higher layer signaling, such as RRC signaling), for the caseof dynamic adaptation. For example, the subframe used to transmit SRS,such as determined by the UE using subframe index k_(SRS) within theframe and SRS subframe offset T_(offset) values in LTE (3GPP TechnicalSpecification [TS] 36.213 subsection 8.2 V11.0.0 [2012-09] andsubsequent releases), can be configured in a semi-static manner. Forinstance, if such a subframe is a FlexSF, the FlexSF may not be changedinto a DL subframe to avoid such events as a missed SRS transmission.Sounding reference signals can include reference signals transmitted inan uplink (UL) to enable the node to perform channel sounding, which canbe used to support frequency-domain scheduling.

The various processes, methods, configurations, and systems describedabove can be combined in a TDD system operation (e.g., TD-LTE systemoperation) with adaptive UL-DL configurations. For example, a method ofa TDD operation with adaptive UL-DL TDD configuration can start from aninitial UL-DL default configuration for the cells. The UL-DL TDDconfiguration can be conveyed to the UEs in the respective cells viaSIB1 messaging. The nodes (e.g., eNBs) can measure the local trafficcondition, interference conditions, and evaluate the IM clusteringconditions and/or partitions in order to improve and/or optimize atarget performance metric(s), such as system throughput or spectralefficiency (SE). The node can coordinate through a backhaul link (e.g.,X2 interface and/or point-to-point fiber connection) and determine tochange a configuration for some cells or IM clusters. The node can sendany reconfiguration information to a target cell or target cellclusters. The target cell or target cell clusters can use a flexibleframe structure to change the target cell's or target cell clusters'UL-DL TDD configuration. Any reconfiguration information can be conveyedto the UEs either explicitly (via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE, and/or thePDCCH or ePDCCH) or implicitly utilizing UL grant timing. The node cancoordinate the UL-DL configuration and scheduling of data as well as SRStransmissions considering backward compatibility and co-existence withlegacy UEs, different RATs, transmission techniques, and/or nodetransmission powers. The nodes can also coordinate to employ CoMP oreICIC techniques to efficiently mitigate inter-cell interference. Thenodes can monitor the traffic, interference conditions, and re-evaluateIM clustering conditions and/or partitions in order to optimize thetarget performance metric(s). If certain traffic, interference, and/orIM clustering conditions exist, the node can again coordinate through abackhaul link and determine to change a configuration for some cells orIM clusters, and the process can repeat again.

The method and/or system can include a general TDD system designframework (e.g., TD-LTE design framework) to provide efficient operationfor advanced systems (e.g., 3GPP LTE V11.0.0 or LTE version 11 andsubsequent releases) with efficient support for adaptive UL-DL subframeconfigurations based on a preferred performance metric or criteria(e.g., traffic conditions or overall system throughput) in differentcells. The method and/or system can provide a scheme to improve and/oroptimize the target performance metrics (e.g., system throughput or SE)by nodes (e.g., eNBs) utilizing the information including (but notlimited to) local traffic condition, interference conditions, and/orpossible IM clustering conditions and/or partitions to perform theadaptive UL-DL subframe reconfiguration. The method and/or system cantake into account considerations on backward compatibility and handlingof new interference types. In an example, the method and/or system canprovide a complete design for effective support of adaptive UL-DLsubframe configurations. For example, the system can include at leastthree major functional components: a frame structure using a flexiblesubframe structure, interference management (IM) schemes for TDDsystems, and signaling support including explicit and implicitsignaling. Various detailed design options can be available forfunctional component can be extended, modified or enhanced within thecomplete design framework. The TDD design framework can utilizedifferent reconfigurable TDD frame structures, interference management(IM) schemes, and/or different control signaling designs to improveand/or optimize system performance. The TDD design framework can use anode to coordinate the UL-DL configuration and schedule data as well asSRS transmissions considering backward compatibility and co-existenceaspects, such as legacy UEs, different RATs, transmission techniques,and/or node transmission powers. The TDD design framework can use a nodeto coordinate and employ CoMP or eICIC techniques to efficientlymitigate inter-cell interference.

In another example, a method of a TDD operation with adaptive UL-DL TDDconfiguration can start from an initial UL-DL default configuration forthe cells in the network or system. The UL-DL TDD configuration can beconveyed to the UEs in the respective cells via SIB1 messaging. Thenodes (e.g., eNBs) can measure the local traffic condition, interferenceconditions, and evaluate the IM clustering conditions and/or partitionsin order to improve and/or optimize a target performance metric(s), suchas system throughput or spectral efficiency (SE). The network can bedivided into groups of neighboring nodes. Such grouping can bedetermined based on backhaul capabilities and connections between nodes.In each such group, based on a pre-defined periodicity and/orconfiguration, a particular set of cells can perform measurements oncertain subframes, such as UL subframes. The UL transmissions, which maybe transmitted during the TDD special subframes, from the UEs may not bescheduled to obtain long-term channel strength (e.g., RSRP-typeinformation) from another set of neighboring cells to evaluate the IMclustering conditions. A second set of cells can operate in the DL mode,and measurements can be performed on the CRS or CSI-RS transmitted fromthe aggressor nodes.

Exchange of local traffic loading conditions in each cell can befacilitated by information exchange over the backhaul interface, wherethe concerned cells may report such information, including any relevantRSRP-type information, to a centralized processing unit (CPU) or CPM.The exchange of local traffic loading conditions can include both DL andUL traffic information, which information can implicitly indicate apreferred DL-UL subframe configuration in each cell. A master node, CPM,or CPU can coordinate through backhaul link (e.g., X2 interface and/orpoint-to-point fiber connection) and determine to change a configurationfor some cells or IM clusters. The master node, CPM, or CPU can send anyreconfiguration information to the target cell or cell clusters over thebackhaul link. Coordination can also be realized in a distributed waybetween participating cells and nodes.

Target cell or target cell clusters can use a flexible frame structureto change the target cell's or target cell clusters' UL-DL TDDconfiguration. In an example, only an uplink subframe can change to DLmode based on the FlexSF frame structure illustrated in FIG. 2.

Any reconfiguration information can conveyed to an advanced UE (e.g., aUE using the LTE release 12 standard or subsequent release) usingexplicit layer 1 (i.e., physical or PHY layer) signaling. Theinformation can be conveyed to the UEs via a configuration indicationfield (CIF) added to the existing legacy (e.g., LTE release 10 and/or11) DCI formats.

Legacy UEs can operate according to the TDD configuration indicatedthrough the SIB1 message as initially configured. The node cancoordinate the UL-DL configuration and scheduling of data as well as SRStransmissions considering backward compatibility and co-existence withlegacy UEs, different RATs, transmission-reception techniques, and/ornode transmission powers. For IM clusters with cells operating in the DLmode, DL coordinated multi-point (CoMP) techniques can be used toimprove the DL spectral efficiency (SE) within the cluster. The node canmonitor the traffic, interference conditions, and re-evaluate possibleIM clustering conditions and/or partitions in order to optimize thetarget performance metric(s), which can facilitated by RSRP-typemeasurement information, as previously described. If conditions for are-configuration of the IM clusters are met, the master node, CPM, orCPU can again coordinate through a backhaul link and determine to changea configuration for some cells or IM clusters, and the process canrepeat again.

Another example provides a method 500 for adapting uplink-downlink(UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe configurations in aheterogeneous network (HetNet), as shown in the flow chart in FIG. 10.The method may be executed as instructions on a machine or computercircuitry, where the instructions are included on at least one computerreadable medium or one non-transitory machine readable storage medium.The method includes the operation of determining a preferred adaptiveUL-DL configuration, as in block 510. The operation of receiving, at areference enhanced Node B (eNB), node configuration information for atleast one neighboring node follows, as in block 520. The next operationof the method can be reconfiguring an adaptive UL-DL configuration forat least one of the reference eNB and the at least one neighboring nodebased on the node configuration information and sounding referencesignal (SRS) subframe scheduling of the reference eNB and the at leastone neighboring node, as in block 530.

The node configuration information can include an UL-DL configuration, aradio access technology (RAT) standard, or a node's nominal transmissionpower. In an example, the reference eNB can be in a different cell fromthe at least one neighboring node. In another example, the reference eNBand the at least one neighboring node can share a common cell identifier(ID).

Receiving and transmitting node configuration information and otherinformation between the reference eNB and the at least one neighboringnode can use a backhaul link via a wired connection, a wirelessconnection, or an optical fiber connection. In an example, the methodcan further include sending, from the reference eNB, the adaptive UL-DLreconfiguration to the at least one neighboring node; and scheduling ULdata, DL data, and SRS transmissions at the reference eNB based on theadaptive UL-DL reconfiguration. The UL data, DL data, and SRStransmissions can also be scheduled at the at least one neighboring nodebased on the adaptive UL-DL reconfiguration.

In a configuration, the operation of determining the preferred adaptiveUL-DL configuration can further include: Determining a criteria foroptimizing at least one system performance metric based on at least onesystem operation metric; measuring the at least one system operationmetric at the reference eNB; receiving, at the reference eNB, at leastone system operation metric measurement from the at least oneneighboring node; and configuring the preferred adaptive UL-DLconfiguration based on the at least one system operation metricmeasurement to improve the at least one system performance metric. Thesystem performance metric can include a system throughput, spectralefficiency (SE), a delay metric, a quality of service (QoS) metric, or aquality of experience (QoE) metric. The system operation metric caninclude a traffic condition, traffic loading, an interference type, oran interference condition.

In another configuration, the operation of determining the preferredadaptive UL-DL configuration can further include: Measuring interferenceon an uplink (UL) subframe of the reference eNB during a downlink (DL)subframe of the at least one neighboring node; receiving, at thereference eNB, an interference measurement from at least one neighboringnode, wherein the interference measurement includes a reference signalreceived power (RSRP) or reference signal received quality (RSRQ)measurement on a UL channel of the reference eNB; determininginterference management (IM) clusters based on the collectedinterference measurements due to neighboring nodes; and configuring thepreferred adaptive UL-DL configuration for each IM cluster. The nodesgenerating interference to each other above a specified threshold can begrouped together in a same IM cluster.

In an example, the method can further include configuring the nodes ineach IM cluster operating in downlink (DL) mode with a transmissiontechnique based on loading and interference conditions to improvespectral efficiency or mitigate inter-cell interference within the IMcluster. The transmission technique can include a downlink (DL)coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission, enhanced inter-cellinterference coordination (eICIC), and combinations thereof.

In another example, the operation of determining IM clusters can furtherinclude: Estimating a pathloss of node-to-node channels between thenodes having a same cell identity or different cell identities using acell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a channel-state informationreference signal (CSI-RS); and comparing the estimated pathloss to thespecified threshold.

In another configuration, the operation of reconfiguring the adaptiveUL-DL configuration can further include: Determining uplink (UL)subframes used to transmit sounding reference signals (SRS); andchanging a flexible subframe (FlexSF) of the adaptive UL-DLconfiguration used for an UL to a downlink (DL) when the FlexSF is notscheduled to transmit SRS.

In an example, operation of reconfiguring the adaptive UL-DLconfiguration can be configured semi-statically via system informationblock type1 (SIB1) information bits, radio resource control (RRC)signaling, or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE). Inanother example, operation of reconfiguring the adaptive UL-DLconfiguration can be configured dynamically via explicitly using aphysical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or an enhanced physicaldownlink control channel (ePDCCH) carrying a relevant downlink controlinformation (DCI) or implicitly where a flexible subframe (FlexSF) ofthe adaptive UL-DL configuration operates as a downlink (DL) subframewhen the relevant DCI does not include an uplink (UL) grant.

In another configuration, the operation of determining the preferredadaptive UL-DL configuration can further include: Measuring thereference eNB's traffic condition and interference condition; receiving,at the reference eNB, a traffic condition and an interference conditionfrom a plurality of neighboring nodes; determining an interferencemanagement (IM) clustering condition and partition for the reference eNBand the plurality of neighboring nodes; grouping the reference eNB andthe plurality of neighboring nodes based on the traffic condition, theinterference condition, the IM clustering condition and partition, abackhaul capability, a UL-DL configuration periodicity, or a UL-DLconfiguration. The interference condition can include adjacent channelinterference and co-channel interference. In another example, the methodcan further include monitoring the traffic condition, the interferencecondition, and IM clustering condition and partition of the referenceeNB and the at least one neighboring node to improve a performancemetric.

Another example provides a method 600 for adapting uplink-downlink(UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe configurations in aheterogeneous network (HetNet), as shown in the flow chart in FIG. 11.The method may be executed as instructions on a machine or computercircuitry, where the instructions are included on at least one computerreadable medium or one non-transitory machine readable storage medium.The method includes the operation of grouping a plurality of nodes intointerference management (IM) clusters when a pathloss of node-to-nodechannels is above a specified threshold, as in block 610. The operationof generating a preferred adaptive UL-DL configuration for each of theIM clusters, wherein at least one preferred adaptive UL-DL configurationincludes a flexible subframe (FlexSF) configured to switch between anuplink (UL) subframe and a downlink (DL) subframe follows, as in block620. The next operation of the method can be reconfiguring the adaptiveUL-DL configuration for each of the IM clusters to provide backwardcompatibility based on the node configuration information and soundingreference signal (SRS) subframe scheduling, as in block 630. The methodcan further include transmitting the adaptive UL-DL reconfiguration toat least one node in a selected IM cluster via a backhaul link via awired connection, a wireless connection, or an optical fiber connection,as in block 640.

In an example, the method can further include a node dynamicallysignaling a wireless device in the IM cluster with the adaptive UL-DLconfiguration explicitly using a physical downlink control channel(PDCCH) or an enhanced physical downlink control channel (ePDCCH)carrying a relevant downlink control information (DCI) or implicitlywhere the FlexSF operates as a downlink (DL) subframe when the relevantDCI does not include an uplink (UL) grant. The node configurationinformation can include an UL-DL configuration, a radio accesstechnology (RAT) standard, or a node's nominal transmission power.

In a configuration, the operation of generating the preferred adaptiveUL-DL configuration can further include: Determining a criteria foroptimizing at least one system performance metric based on at least onesystem operation metric; measuring the at least one system operationmetric at an eNB; collecting at least one system operation metricmeasurements from a plurality of nodes; and configuring the preferredadaptive UL-DL configuration based on the at least one system operationmetric measurements to improve the at least one system performancemetric. In an example, the at least one system performance metric caninclude a system throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), a delay metric, aquality of service (QoS) metric, or a quality of experience (QoE)metric. In another example, the at least one system operation metric caninclude a traffic condition, traffic loading, an interference type, oran interference condition.

In another configuration, the operation of generating the preferredadaptive UL-DL configuration can further include: Measuring a node'straffic condition, interference condition, or IM clustering conditionand partition, wherein the interference condition includes adjacentchannel interference and co-channel interference; collecting the trafficconditions, interference conditions, or IM clustering condition andpartition from a plurality of nodes; regrouping the plurality of nodesbased on the traffic condition, the interference condition, the IMclustering condition and partition, a backhaul capability, a UL-DLconfiguration periodicity, or a UL-DL configuration; configuring thenodes in each IM cluster operating in downlink (DL) mode with atransmission technique; and monitoring the traffic condition, theinterference condition, or IM clustering condition and partition of theplurality of nodes to improve a performance metric. The transmissiontechnique (or transmission-reception technique) can include a downlink(DL) coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission, enhanced inter-cellinterference coordination (eICIC), and combinations thereof.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example node (e.g., reference node 710 andneighboring node 730) and an example wireless device 720. The node caninclude a node device 712 and 732. The node device or the node can beconfigured to communicate with the wireless device. The node device canbe configured to adapt uplink-downlink (UL-DL) time-division duplexing(TDD) subframe configurations in a heterogeneous network (HetNet). Thenode device or the node can be configured to communicate with othernodes via a backhaul link 740 (optical, wireless, or wired link), suchas an X2 application protocol (X2AP). The node device can include aprocessing module 714 and 734, a transceiver module 716 and 736, ascheduler 718 and 738, and estimating module 708 and 728.

In an example, the functions of the scheduler and/or the estimatingmodule can be performed by the processing module. The transceiver modulecan be configured to receive node configuration information for at leastone neighboring node and transmit a UL-DL configuration to the at leastone neighboring node. The transceiver module can be further configuredto communicate with the neighboring node via X2 signaling, X2application protocol (X2AP), or backhaul link signaling via a wiredconnection, a wireless connection, or an optical fiber connection. Theprocessing module can be enabled to reconfigure an adaptive UL-DLconfiguration for at least one of a plurality of nodes including the atleast one neighboring node based on the node configuration information.The plurality of nodes can use a common cell identity or distinct cellidentities.

Reconfiguring the adaptive UL-DL configuration can include changing aflexible subframe (FlexSF) from an uplink (UL) to a downlink (DL). Thenode configuration information can include an UL-DL configuration, aradio access technology (RAT) standard, or a node's nominal transmissionpower. The node (e.g., reference node 710 and neighboring node 730) caninclude a base station (BS), a Node B (NB), an evolved Node B (eNB), abaseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment(RRE), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a central processing module (CPM).

In a configuration, the processing module 714 and 734 can be furtheroperable to reconfigure the FlexSF of the adaptive UL-DL configurationfrom a UL subframe to a DL subframe when the FlexSF is not scheduled totransmit a sounding reference signal (SRS). In another configuration,the scheduler 718 and 738 can be configured to schedule UL data, DLdata, and sounding reference signal (SRS) transmissions based on theadaptive UL-DL reconfiguration.

In another configuration, the processing module 714 and 734 can befurther operable to determine at least one system operation metric tomonitor, measure the at least one system operation metric, and configurean adaptive UL-DL configuration to improve a system performance metricbased on at least one system operation metric measurement from aplurality of eNBs. The system performance metric can include a systemthroughput, spectral efficiency (SE), a delay metric, a quality ofservice (QoS) metric, or a quality of experience (QoE) metric. The atleast one system operation metric can include a traffic condition,traffic loading, an interference type, and an interference condition.The transceiver module 716 and 736 can be further operable to receivethe at least one system operation metric measurement from the at leastone neighboring node.

In another configuration, the estimating module 708 and 728 can beconfigured to estimate a pathloss of node-to-node channels between nodeshaving a common cell identity or distinct cell identities using acell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a channel-state informationreference signal (CSI-RS). The transceiver module 716 and 736 can befurther operable to receive an interference measurement from at leastone neighboring node. The interference measurement can include areference signal received power (RSRP) or reference signal receivedquality (RSRQ) measurement on a UL channel of the at least oneneighboring node generating the interference measurement. The processingmodule 714 and 734 can be further operable to measure interference on aUL subframe of the node during a DL subframe of the at least oneneighboring node, compare the estimated pathloss of the node-to-nodechannels for each pair of the nodes to a specified threshold, group thenodes together in a same interference management (IM) cluster when theestimated pathloss associated with the nodes exceeds the specifiedthreshold, and configure the adaptive UL-DL configuration for each IMcluster.

In an example, the processing module 714 and 734 can be further operableto configure the nodes in each IM cluster operating in downlink (DL)mode with a transmission technique to improve spectral efficiency ormitigate inter-cell interference within the IM cluster. The transmissiontechnique can include a downlink (DL) coordinated multi-point (CoMP)transmission, enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC), andcombinations thereof.

In another example, the transceiver module 716 and 736 can be furtheroperable to receive downlink signal information from a neighboring node.The processing module 714 and 734 can be further operable to estimate achannel impulse response for a channel between the neighboring node andthe node using the downlink signal information, estimate an inter-nodeinterference signal for the channel using the downlink signalinformation and the channel impulse response, and subtract the estimatedinter-node interference signal from a received signal to substantiallycancel the inter-node interference from the neighboring node beforedecoding a desired uplink signal. The transceiver module can be furtherconfigured to receive the uplink signal from a wireless device beforesubtracting the estimated inter-node interference signal from the uplinksignal, and the downlink signal information can be received prior to thereception of the uplink signal.

In another configuration, the processing module 714 and 734 can befurther operable to reconfigure the adaptive UL-DL configurationdynamically via explicitly using a physical downlink control channel(PDCCH) or an enhanced physical downlink control channel (ePDCCH)carrying a relevant downlink control information (DCI) or implicitlywhere the FlexSF operates as a downlink (DL) subframe when the relevantDCI does not include an uplink (UL) grant.

The wireless device 720 can include a transceiver module 724 and aprocessing module 722. The processing module can be configured togenerate a SRS and an uplink signal and process a downlink signal. Thetransceiver module can be configured to transmit the SRS and the uplinksignal and receive the downlink signal.

FIG. 13 provides an example illustration of the wireless device, such asan user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device,a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type ofwireless device. The wireless device can include one or more antennasconfigured to communicate with a node, macro node, low power node (LPN),or transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B(eNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radioequipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), or othertype of wireless wide area network (WWAN) access point. The wirelessdevice can be configured to communicate using at least one wirelesscommunication standard including 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed PacketAccess (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The wireless device can communicateusing separate antennas for each wireless communication standard orshared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. Thewireless device can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN),a wireless personal area network (WPAN), and/or a WWAN.

FIG. 13 also provides an illustration of a microphone and one or morespeakers that can be used for audio input and output from the wirelessdevice. The display screen may be a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen,or other type of display screen such as an organic light emitting diode(OLED) display. The display screen can be configured as a touch screen.The touch screen may use capacitive, resistive, or another type of touchscreen technology. An application processor and a graphics processor canbe coupled to internal memory to provide processing and displaycapabilities. A non-volatile memory port can also be used to providedata input/output options to a user. The non-volatile memory port mayalso be used to expand the memory capabilities of the wireless device. Akeyboard may be integrated with the wireless device or wirelesslyconnected to the wireless device to provide additional user input. Avirtual keyboard may also be provided using the touch screen.

Various techniques, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take theform of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media,such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, non-transitory computerreadable storage medium, or any other machine-readable storage mediumwherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine,such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing thevarious techniques. Circuitry can include hardware, firmware, programcode, executable code, computer instructions, and/or software. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium can be a computerreadable storage medium that does not include signal. In the case ofprogram code execution on programmable computers, the computing devicemay include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor(including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), atleast one input device, and at least one output device. The volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements may be a RAM, EPROM, flashdrive, optical drive, magnetic hard drive, solid state drive, or othermedium for storing electronic data. The node and wireless device mayalso include a transceiver module, a counter module, a processingmodule, and/or a clock module or timer module. One or more programs thatmay implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may usean application programming interface (API), reusable controls, and thelike. Such programs may be implemented in a high level procedural orobject oriented programming language to communicate with a computersystem. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assembly ormachine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be acompiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardwareimplementations.

It should be understood that many of the functional units described inthis specification have been labeled as modules, in order to moreparticularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, amodule may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSIcircuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logicchips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also beimplemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmablegate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or thelike.

Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by varioustypes of processors. An identified module of executable code may, forinstance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computerinstructions, which may, for instance, be organized as an object,procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identifiedmodule need not be physically located together, but may comprisedisparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joinedlogically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purposefor the module.

Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or manyinstructions, and may even be distributed over several different codesegments, among different programs, and across several memory devices.Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated hereinwithin modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organizedwithin any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may becollected as a single data set, or may be distributed over differentlocations including over different storage devices, and may exist, atleast partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.The modules may be passive or active, including agents operable toperform desired functions.

Reference throughout this specification to “an example” means that aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connectionwith the example is included in at least one embodiment of the presentinvention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in an example” in variousplaces throughout this specification are not necessarily all referringto the same embodiment.

As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositionalelements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list forconvenience. However, these lists should be construed as though eachmember of the list is individually identified as a separate and uniquemember. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as ade facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based ontheir presentation in a common group without indications to thecontrary. In addition, various embodiments and example of the presentinvention may be referred to herein along with alternatives for thevarious components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments,examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as defactoequivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate andautonomous representations of the present invention.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics maybe combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In thepreceding descriptions, numerous specific details are provided, such asexamples of layouts, distances, network examples, etc., to provide athorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled inthe relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can bepracticed without one or more of the specific details, or with othermethods, components, layouts, etc. In other instances, well-knownstructures, materials, or operations are not shown or described indetail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of thepresent invention in one or more particular applications, it will beapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerousmodifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be madewithout the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing fromthe principles and concepts of the invention. Accordingly, it is notintended that the invention be limited, except as by the claims setforth below.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus of a first eNodeB, the apparatuscomprising: memory storing instructions; and one or more processorsconfigured to, upon execution of the instructions, perform thefollowing: decode, at the first eNodeB, an uplink-downlink (UL-DL)time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe reconfiguration received from asecond eNodeB, wherein the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration is for thefirst eNodeB; and encode, at the first eNodeB, the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration received from the second eNodeB for transmission to aplurality of user equipment (UEs).
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a transceiver configured to transmit the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration to the plurality of UEs.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the one or more processors are configured to encode the UL-DLTDD subframe reconfiguration for transmission to the plurality of UEsusing a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and in accordance witha defined downlink control information (DCI) format.
 4. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to encode theUL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration for transmission to the plurality ofUEs using a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and in accordancewith downlink control information (DCI) format 1c.
 5. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to decode theUL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration received from the second eNodeB viaan X2 interface between the first eNodeB and the second eNodeB.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: control intra-frequency neighboring cells; and controlinter-frequency neighboring cells.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe one or more processors are further configured to decode interferencecoordination information received from the second eNodeB, wherein theinterference coordination information includes the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration for the first eNodeB.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the one or more processors are further configured to performscheduling of data for the plurality of UEs with reduced interferenceusing the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration.
 9. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the first eNodeB is a neighboring node of the second eNodeB.10. At least one non-transitory machine readable storage medium havinginstructions that when executed by at least one processor performs thefollowing: decoding, at a first eNodeB, an uplink-downlink (UL-DL)time-division duplexing (TDD) subframe reconfiguration received from asecond eNodeB, wherein the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration is for thefirst eNodeB; and encoding, at the first eNodeB, the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration received from the second eNodeB for transmission to aplurality of user equipment (UEs).
 11. The at least one non-transitorymachine readable storage medium of claim 10, further comprisinginstructions that when executed by the at least one processor performsthe following: encoding the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration fortransmission to the plurality of UEs using a physical downlink controlchannel (PDCCH) and in accordance with a defined downlink controlinformation (DCI) format.
 12. The at least one non-transitory machinereadable storage medium of claim 10, further comprising instructionsthat when executed by the at least one processor performs the following:encoding the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration for transmission to theplurality of UEs using a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) andin accordance with downlink control information (DCI) format 1c.
 13. Theat least one non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 10,further comprising instructions that when executed by the at least oneprocessor performs the following: decoding the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration received from the second eNodeB via an X2 interfacebetween the first eNodeB and the second eNodeB.
 14. The at least onenon-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 10, furthercomprising instructions that when executed by the at least one processorperforms the following: controlling intra-frequency neighboring cells;and controlling inter-frequency neighboring cells.
 15. The at least onenon-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 10, furthercomprising instructions that when executed by the at least one processorperforms the following: decoding interference coordination informationreceived from the second eNodeB, wherein the interference coordinationinformation includes the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration for thefirst eNodeB.
 16. The at least one non-transitory machine readablestorage medium of claim 10, further comprising instructions that whenexecuted by the at least one processor performs the following:performing scheduling of data for the plurality of UEs with reducedinterference using the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration.
 17. The atleast one non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 10,wherein the first eNodeB is a neighboring node of the second eNodeB. 18.An apparatus of a reference eNodeB, the apparatus comprising: memorystoring instructions; and one or more processors configured to, uponexecution of the instructions, perform the following: determine, at thereference eNodeB, an uplink-downlink (UL-DL) time-division duplexing(TDD) subframe reconfiguration for a neighboring eNodeB; and encode, atthe reference eNodeB, the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration fortransmission to the neighboring eNodeB, wherein the neighboring eNodeBconfigured to perform data scheduling for a plurality of user equipment(UEs) with reduced interference using the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration received from the reference eNodeB.
 19. The apparatus ofclaim 18, wherein the one or more processors are configured to encodethe UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration for transmission to theneighboring eNodeB via an X2 interface between the reference eNodeB andthe neighboring eNodeB.
 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the oneor more processors are configured to determine interference coordinationinformation for the neighboring eNodeB, wherein the interferencecoordination information includes the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfigurationfor the neighboring eNodeB.
 21. At least one non-transitory machinereadable storage medium having instructions that when executed by atleast one processor performs the following: determining, at a referenceeNodeB, an uplink-downlink (UL-DL) time-division duplexing (TDD)subframe reconfiguration for a neighboring eNodeB; and encoding, at thereference eNodeB, the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration fortransmission to the neighboring eNodeB, wherein the neighboring eNodeBconfigured to perform data scheduling for a plurality of user equipment(UEs) with reduced interference using the UL-DL TDD subframereconfiguration received from the reference eNodeB.
 22. The at least onenon-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 21, furthercomprising instructions that when executed by the at least one processorperforms the following: encoding the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfigurationfor transmission to the second eNodeB via an X2 interface between thefirst eNodeB and the second eNodeB.
 23. The at least one non-transitorymachine readable storage medium of claim 21, further comprisinginstructions that when executed by the at least one processor performsthe following: determining interference coordination information for thesecond eNodeB, wherein the interference coordination informationincludes the UL-DL TDD subframe reconfiguration for the second eNodeB.